Author’s note: This article shows how to derive circuit gain equations via a signal flow graph. With practice you may be able to write a gain equation by locating signal paths and loops in the ...

Low-voltage CMOS analog circuit design has emerged as a critical area of research, driven by the dual imperatives of energy efficiency and high-performance signal processing. This discipline focuses ...

For the given circuit graph the transfer function Vo(Vs). Assume forward biased voltage drop for the diode is 0.7V. The voltage will not allow the diode to conduct until the source voltage is at least ...

CMOS voltage reference circuits are integral to modern electronic systems, providing a stable and reproducible voltage that underpins the performance of myriad integrated devices. These circuits ...

Applications ranging from consumer electronics to high-power energy-conversion systems leverage the benefits of dc-dc power converters in their designs. Among these, flyback converters are popular for ...

The filament lamp is a common type of light bulb. It contains a thin coil of wire called the filament. This heats up when an electric current passes through it and produces light as a result. Taking ...